For this next post in my series on the new features in C# 6, I’m going to cover the using static syntax. This feature is also 100% syntactic sugar, but it can be helpful. Unfortunately, it also comes with quite a few gotchas.

I’m sure all of us are familiar with writing code like you see below. The WriteLine() method is a static method on the static class Console.

using System;

namespace CodeSandbox
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
        }
    }
}

Because Console is a static class, we can treat it as a “given” and just now include it in our using statements. Console.WriteLine() is actually System.Console.WriteLine() if we include the namespace. However, since we are including “using System;” at the top of the file, we don’t have to type it out. This is the exact same concept.

using static System.Console;

namespace CodeSandbox
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            WriteLine("Hello World");
        }
    }
}

Now instead of just “using”, I’ve included “using static” and included the full name of the static class, in this case System.Console. Once that is done, I’m free to just call the WriteLine() method as if it were locally scoped inside my class. This is all just really syntatic sugar. When I use Telerik’s JustDecompile to analyze the program and give me back the source, this is what I get.

using System;

namespace CodeSandbox
{
    internal class Program
    {
        public Program()
        {
        }

        private static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
        }
    }
}

If we dig even further into the IL, you can see that it agrees that we are still just making a call to WriteLine() inside of the System.Console class.

.method private hidebysig static void Main (
            string[] args
        ) cil managed 
    {
        .entrypoint
        IL_0000: nop
        IL_0001: ldstr "Hello World"
        IL_0006: call void [mscorlib]System.Console::WriteLine(string)
        IL_000b: nop
        IL_000c: ret
    }

Okay, that makes sense. Seems potentially helpful. Where do these promised “gotchas” come in? Our issues start to arise when you have multiple “using static” declarations in a file. If those static classes have methods inside them with the same name, conflicts can happen. Let’s take a look at one place where this can absolutely happen in a commonly used area of .Net.

using System.IO;

namespace CodeSandbox
{
    class Program
    {
        static string fakeSourceLocation = @"c:\";
        static string fakeBackupLocation = @"c:\backup\";

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            foreach (var fileWithPath in Directory.GetFiles(fakeSourceLocation))
            {
                var fileName = Path.GetFileName(fileWithPath);
                var backupFileWithPath = Path.Combine(fakeBackupLocation, fileName);

                if (!File.Exists(backupFileWithPath))
                {
                    File.Copy(fileWithPath, backupFileWithPath);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

In this simple contrived example, I’m iterating through all of the files in a directory and if they don’t exist in a backup location, I copy them there. This doesn’t deal with versioning, etc, but it does give us some basic System.IO examples to work with. Now, if I try to simplify the code like this, I get an issue.

using static System.IO.Directory;
using static System.IO.File;
using static System.IO.Path;

namespace CodeSandbox
{
    class Program
    {
        static string fakeSourceLocation = @"c:\";
        static string fakeBackupLocation = @"c:\backup\";

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            foreach (var fileWithPath in GetFiles(fakeSourceLocation))
            {
                var fileName = GetFileName(fileWithPath);
                var backupFileWithPath = Combine(fakeBackupLocation, fileName);

                if (!Exists(backupFileWithPath))
                {
                    Copy(fileWithPath, backupFileWithPath);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

This won’t even build. Can you guess why? If you are very familiar with System.IO classes, you might have noticed that there is a System.IO.File.Exists() and a System.IO.Directory.Exists(). Our build error lets us know by saying, “The call is ambiguous between the following methods or properties: ‘Directory.Exists(string)’ and ‘File.Exists(string)'”. One way to get around this is to just be explicit at the ambiguous part like this:

using static System.IO.Directory;
using static System.IO.File;
using static System.IO.Path;

namespace CodeSandbox
{
    class Program
    {
        static string fakeSourceLocation = @"c:\";
        static string fakeBackupLocation = @"c:\backup\";

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            foreach (var fileWithPath in GetFiles(fakeSourceLocation))
            {
                var fileName = GetFileName(fileWithPath);
                var backupFileWithPath = Combine(fakeBackupLocation, fileName);

                if (!System.IO.File.Exists(backupFileWithPath))
                {
                    Copy(fileWithPath, backupFileWithPath);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

I don’t know how that makes me feel. It seems like at least a small code smell. Maybe in these occasions, you don’t use this shortcut if it feels wrong. In general, I could see this being like the Great Var Debate of 2008™. People thought that var foo = new Bar(); was smelly compared to Bar foo = new Bar();, but it seems like most people have moved past it. Maybe I’m just on the beginning of this wave of change and I’ll stop yelling for the kids to get off of my lawn soon. At the moment, however, I’m probably going to file using static in the “not something I’m going to really use” pile.

For this post in my series, I want to look at one of my favorite little time savers, String Interpolation. String Interpolation is basically when you put tokens into a string and those are replaced for you by the language. Previously, in C#, we might do one of the following things:

// Concatenation
var name = "Pete";
var greeting = "Hello, " + name;

// String Format
var name = "Pete";
var greeting = string.Format("Hello, {0}", name);

Sometimes, with a long string with a lot of tokens, this can get kind of unwieldy. And, if you reuse tokens (say, a line break, or the person’s name), it can be almost impossible to keep things straight. Other languages have had features like this for awhile.

Swift:

var name = "Pete"
var greeting = "Hello, \(name)"

Ruby:

name = "Pete"
greeting = "Hello #{name}"

Now, in C# 6, we get that kind of clarity as well. The syntax calls for you to use a dollar sign ($) in front of the string and then use curly braces surrounding the variable reference in the string. Here is an example

New C# 6 String Interpolation:

var name = "Pete";
var greeting = $"Hello, {name}";

In my opinion, that beats the pants off of string.Format(). Additionally, you can also reference class properties by the same syntax. Here is another example:

var name = "Pete";
var greeting = $"Hello, {name}.  Your name has {name.Length} letters.";

You can also express values from methods:

var items = new []{"a", "b", "c"};
Console.WriteLine($"Items has {items.Count()} items");

So, there you go. I can promise you that I’m going to use this instead of string.Format() in every project that is running the necessary framework versions.